riane eisler :: essays research papers

Riane Eisler Riane Eisler lives a lifestyle based on eco-feminism. She believes that we all live in a sexual and social equality and harmony in nature. In her book The Chalice and the Blade, she states ‘that for a millennia...prehistoric societies worshipped the goddess of nature and spirituality, our Great Mother, the giver of life and creator of all.' The societies that believed in this one creator were structured and peaceful, much like the societies we are trying to create in today's world. The ancient cultures did not treat earth as an object for ‘exploitation and domination' and believed in gender equality and respected women for their feminie values and life-giving gifts. Approximately 3,500 years ago, there were many different groups of civilization around the world. Within these different groups women held important positions such as priestesses and craftspeople. They were not male dominant and tended to be quite peaceful. Eisler mentions the Gaia hypothesis in her article stating that ‘in essence it is a scientific update of the belief system of Goddess-worshipping prehistoric societies'. Gaia is the Greek name for Earth and this hypothesis belief is that the Great Mother gives us all life and life's necessities. When Archaeology was just beginning scholars found evidence of societies where men were not superior to women, therefor they assumed that men had been inferior to the woman. This opinion was not based on evidence, but what Eisler called ‘the dominator society world view'. These Goddess worshipping societies believed that spirituality and nature were one. In Minoan, Egyptian, Sumerian and various other ancient cultures, women became priestesses and served the Goddess. These cultures all gave their Goddesses

Research Study on Organizational Commitment Essay

IntroductionOrganizational commitment is an organizational member’s psychological connection or feeling of belongingness to the organization CITATION Edu15 l 1033 (Educational Portal). This commitment to an organization creates a feeling of passionate affection within a stakeholder of an organization, creating a desire for that / those individual(s) to do anything necessary for the organization to succeed. Organizational commitment is an indispensably huge role that determines whether a stakeholder will remain at the organization willingly, if given a choice. This is a determinant as to whether this individual will produce at the top of his skill index to ensure that the organization moves much closer, or in the direction of its goals. According to the three- component model (TCM), the organizational commitment is made up of three unique components. These are affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment. Affective commitment encompasses the love for your career or job. This happens when one has a strong feeling of emotional attachment to their organization or company, and zealously works to promote the interests of that organization. These people have internalized the organization’s values, vision and goals, and have a sincere feeling of wanting to work for the organization for a longer period CITATION Min151 l 1033 (Mind Tools). This happens when the employee is happy at their workplace. There are factors that will normally contribute to this affection. Some of the reasons include freedom of thought and innovation, appreciably good salary, better employee terms among other things that could make employees feel that they are important and are valued by their employer. Whatever these reasons are, this affection is imperative to the organizational success. Hypothesis: Employees who are treated in a respectful manner in an ethics based organization are more likely to be happier than employees that belong to a profit oriented organization. Continuous commitment is an express fear of loss. This kind of commitment comes by when employees measures up the advantages and disadvantages of being at the organization compared to their exit CITATION Min151 l 1033 (Mind Tools). This comes as a result of a realization that staying at your current position in your company has better terms or benefits than leaving the company. For instance, if one wanted to move from one company or organization, they will not only consider monetary benefits, but a number of other parameters. These parameters include employee terms of welfare, available position of responsibility within the new organization, among other benefits one stands to lose or gain. Another reason could be completely unrelated to profession; one could be attached to their friends at the organization, that moving from the organization is a risk of breaking these bonds. The relentlessness of the continuance commitment increases with advancement of age and professional responsibi lity. Those who are so advanced in both of these factors will feel a certain kind of inertial force that hardly allows them to leave. Hypothesis: People who have successively progressed up the ladder within an organization, and / or age feel the severity of continuance commitment the most. Normative Commitment is the sense of obligation that one feels for an organization. Some people feel that it is the right thing to do, for them to belong to the organization they do belong to. This sense of belongingness occurs even when one is not happy with their position. They are often held back from pursuing even better opportunities CITATION Min151 l 1033 (Mind Tools). This feeling could arise from an array of reasons. A great example is a son working at their father’s firm, He will get a kind of virtual family pressure to weigh the burdens of the organization in order to make it successful. Even if there existed better opportunities, this son will turn them down for the sake of keeping their parents happy. Another scenario that could occur is when a wife works for an organization within a region. The job she does could only be offered by only her current company within the whole region or even country. Due to her domestic responsibilities, she cannot leave to pursue her career interests in another region of the country. This sense of obligation could drain the company of energy because normally, there is no zeal to work, but one will only perform at an average. Hypothesis: more married people will tend to work for a certain firm on a normative commitment basis than the single professionals. All the above forms of commitment are segments of organizational employee response due to certain organizational behaviors. The underlying fact is that employees have their personal needs, and will tend to place these interests first. When these interests are well provided for, the employees will automatically feel appreciated and will tend to happily offer service to the organization. As it has been stressed before, happy employees make more productive and successful companies CITATION And14 l 1033 (Oswald, Proto, & Sgroi, 2014). On a practical scale, companies like Google have benefited from employee first approach. The company has invested a lot in employee support and satisfaction while allowing for imagination, creativity and innovation CITATION Kel14 l 1033 (Parkes-Harrison-Warwick, 2014). Some companies have got it right while others are yet to get it right. We carried a research into the various aspects that contribute to this phenomenon of organizational commitment. We use different techniques to measure or research into different Organizational behavior, including self-reporting scales, behavioral observation and organizational records analysis such as performance appraisal forms, time card data, absenteeism rates, productivity indices In this research, we use the self-reporting scales. Self-report study involves use of questionnaires, surveys or polls that let respondents respond to questions in a manner the respondents choose. This kind of survey is focused on extracting information from participants about their attitudes, feelings and beliefs on certain topics. It could be a form of interview, provision of answers to open and closed questions, rating scales, fixed choice questions among others. Reliability on these methods is dependent upon their consistence in providing similar results if used repeatedly in similar circumstances. Validity of the response is also a matter of concern. Especially for questionnaires, respondents may or may not give accurate or sincere answers to certain questions depending on the parameters provided. For example, Anonymous questionnaires or response forms are more likely to produce valid answers. In this survey, we carried a survey in which we asked various questions related to the hypotheses stated in within this document. We adopted the anonymous response questionnaire system to enhance validity of our research. We asked them to rate different departments, work conditions and parameters. The respondents were to respond to questions regarding the hypotheses. They were requested to rate the questions on four guided answers: Strongly agree, Agree, strongly disagree, and agree. Our respondents were 30 employees of different organizations. Results             We set ourselves to find out the validity of three hypotheses regarding the tenets of organizational commitment. These hypotheses stated as follow: Hypothesis 1: Employees who feel appreciated are happy and are more likely to be affectively committed to an organization Hypothesis 2: older employees and those who get promoted are likely to stay within an organization out of continuance commitment Hypothesis 3: most married people are normatively committed to organizations. The validity of our hypotheses had some concurrence with our respondents. However, what the survey disqualified is the sense of promotion as a determining factor to employee continuance commitment. Instead, the people who got promoted in organizations were the productive cream of the organization. This means that they felt a conviction to work for the organization. Such people were comfortably placed within the category of affective commitment. Conclusion             The survey conducted was successfully concluded and in our finding, hypothesis 1 was completely valid as most people agreed with it. Hypothesis 2 produced mixed reactions. Most agreed that older people were committed to the organization due to continuance commitment. Hypothesis 3 was completely valid as most people agreed with this hypothesis. All respondents had their reasons, as evident on their additional comments, including fear of family strain and divorce for the third hypothesis. References BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Educational Portal. (n.d.). Organizational Commitment: Definition, Theory & Types. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from Educational Portal: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/organizational-commitment-definition-theory-types.html Mind Tools. (n.d.). The Three Component Model of Commitment. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from Mind Tools: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/three-component-model-commitment.htm Oswald, A. J., Proto, E., & Sgroi, a. D. (2014, february 10). Happiness and Productivity. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/eproto/workingpapers/happinessproductivity.pdf Parkes-Harrison-Warwick, K. (2014, March 21). Google is right: We work better when we’re happy. Retrieved jaanuary 28, 2015, from futurity.org: http://www.futurity.org/work-better-happy/ Source document

Count Raymond of Toulouse - Crusader

Raymond of Toulouse was also known as: Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Raimond de Saint-Gilles, Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, Raymond I of Tripoli, marquis of Provence; also spelled Raymund Raymond of Toulouse was known for: Being the first nobleman to take the cross and lead an army in the First Crusade. Raymond was an important leader of the Crusades armies, and participated in the capture of Antioch and Jerusalem. Occupations: CrusaderMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence: FranceThe Latin East Important Dates: Born: c. 1041Antioch captured: June 3, 1098Jerusalem captured: July 15, 1099Died: Feb. 28, 1105 About Raymond of Toulouse: Raymond was born in Toulouse, France, in 1041 or 1042. Upon taking the countship, he began to reassemble his ancestral lands, which had been lost to other families. After 30 years he built up a significant power base in southern France, where he controlled 13 counties. This made him more powerful than the king. A devout Christian, Raymond was a staunch supporter of the papal reform that Pope Gregory VII had initiated and that Urban II continued. He is believed to have fought in the Reconquista in Spain, and may have gone on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When Pope Urban made his call for Crusade in 1095, Raymond was the first leader to take up the cross. Already past 50 and considered elderly, the count left the lands hed so carefully consolidated in the hands of his son and committed to go on a perilous journey to the Holy Land along with his wife. In the Holy Land, Raymond proved to be one of the most effective leaders of the First Crusade. He helped capture Antioch, then led the troops onward to Jerusalem, where he participated in a successful siege yet refused to become king of the vanquished city. Later, Raymond captured Tripoli and built near the city the castle of Mons Peregrinus (Mont-Pà ¨lerin). He died there in February, 1105. Raymond was missing an eye; how he lost it remains a matter of conjecture. More Raymond of Toulouse Resources: Portrait of Raymond of Toulouse Raymond of Toulouse in Print The link below will take you to an online bookstore, where you can find more information about the book to help you get it from your local library. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through these links.   Raymond IV Count of Toulouseby John Hugh Hill and Laurita Lyttleton Hill Raymond of Toulouse on the Web Raymond IV, of Saint-GillesBrief bio at the Catholic EncyclopediaThe First CrusadeMedieval FranceChronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2011-2016 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/rwho/p/who-raymond-of-toulouse.htm

Racial Discrimination Against African Americans - 857 Words

The sources that contained in this research report are reliable, since there are many specific and real data that have been gathered and interpreted from some legal organizations and communities that related to the racial discrimination issues in America (United States Department of Labor). Moreover, some of the sources also retrieved from well-known American newspapers, such as Washington Post (These ten charts show the black-white economic gap hasn’t budged in 50 years, 2013), which make the data and information are always pay attention and focused on problems that happened in America based on American perspective. Another reason that makes the sources used in this research report reliable is because some of them have been gathered from†¦show more content†¦At that time, most of the African-American employees in the Coca Cola Company have been discriminated in terms of sexual harassment, payment, and chances to get promotion. In fact, most of their salary are alway s one-third lower than the white employees. 3. Irrational reason of termination by McDonald’s Racial discrimination against African-Americans in terms of illegal firing process have been once caused by one of the famous fast-food company called McDonald’s. According to Kasperkevic (2015), McDonald’s franchisee that located in Virginia, America, has been racially terminated nine of its African-American employees by using an irrational reason, which investigated as â€Å"having too many black employees†. As a consequence of the discrimination, McDonald’s have been brought to the court, even though the process is still ongoing. 3. Case Study There are some big and well-known multinational companies that originally established and developed in America, which have been investigated after doing racial discrimination against their African-American employee in the workplace. Although most of them have been known as multinational companies with many good reputation and achievement, on the other hand the human resource management system that those companies had is not asShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination Against African Americans902 Words   |  4 Pagesis today, part of its history involves Africans forcibly being enslaved. Dating back to the beginning and to the end of slavery, they never received appropriate and equal compensation for their hard work. Unfortunately, these slaves who provided the involuntary labor are dead, but many of their descendants are not. In order to reinforce that racism is unacceptable and intolerable, the U.S. government should provide reparations for the descendants of African slaves such as an d not limited to, freeRead MoreRacial Discrimination Against African Americans Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction America is know as the land of opportunity, but on the surface America is a country full of discrimination. Lately there has been a lot of discrimination going on in America. Police have been chastised for discriminating against African Americans. Homosexuals and other members of the LGBT community are being discriminated against for being who they are. As Americas economy stays at a lower status classism seems to rise as well. America seems to be on the verge of an enlightenment periodRead MoreDiscrimination Against African American Race1133 Words   |  5 Pages Discrimination against the African American Race Brian Barracks Social Psychology Dr. G. Austin Abstract Discrimination against African-Americans has been going on for many decades. Many African-Americans are still suffering from the effects of this. Many people who discriminate do not bother to analyze the damage that this is causing. Many African-Americans are suffering from stress problems, mental health issue, and some suffer from chronic stress. This issue has escalated for manyRead MoreEssay On Police Brutality1478 Words   |  6 Pagesminority groups are being harassed and treated like hogs due to racial discrimination. In current day America racial discrimination is ongoing, which leads to police brutality. In â€Å"Why Are So Many Black Americans Killed By Police?†, Carl Bialik, reveals racism (consciously or not) leads to police brutality of African Americans. Kia Makarechi in â€Å"What The Data Really Says About Police and Racial Bias†, shows evidence of African Americans receiving more police brutality because of racism. Clint SmithRead MoreRacial Diversity70 5 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Diversity: Historical Worksheet Donald K. Morgan Building Organizational Capacity Juancho A. Lim June 5, 2013 Throughout most of U.S. history, in most locations, what race has been in the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? According to The Changing Racial And Ethnic Composition Of The Us Population In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the classification by race expandedRead MoreRace And Racial Inequality During The Civil Rights Of Everyone Has Improved Over The Last Few Decades1719 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Racism[ˈrÄ Ã‹Å'sizÉ™m]prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior†. Race and racial inequality have strongly shaped American history from its beginning up until now . Americans like to think of the founding of the American colonies and, later, the United States, as driven by liberty and freedom .However, from the start America was founded on inequality which involved the absolute oppression for not onlyRead MoreRacial Discrimination : Racism And Discrimination1244 Words   |  5 PagesRacial discrimination has been an ugly face lingering around for generations. It baffles me how it still exists today. It’s interesting to me because how do you kn ow who to discriminate against. What type of individual will promote such distasteful thoughts? Why is racial discrimination still relevant? I guess the real question will be is how to overcome racial discrimination. The beginning of racial discrimination stems from when the European settlers landed in America and conquered the NativeRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The Worst Form Of Inequality1388 Words   |  6 Pagesof inequality is to try to make unequal things equal.† Racial discrimination occurs everyday to many different people. In America,the individuals who are usually discriminated against are the minorities like African Americans and Hispanics. Affirmative action is a policy that was created and has been claimed to be positive discrimination. The policy was created to give equal opportunity to groups of people who are usually discriminated against. Although Affirmative action has been named to be positiveRead MoreRacial Separatism1395 Words   |  6 PagesRacial separatism is the belief, most of the time based on racism, that different races should remain segregated and apart from one another. Racism is the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another, that his or she predetermines a persons social and moral traits and born biological characteristics. The introduction of these terms produces racial discrimination within a society. Racial discrimination has been a thorn in the side of yesterdays, todays and future gen erationsRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Is Play Written About A Family In The1592 Words   |  7 Pages and they have to deal with discriminatory housing practices and the threat of racial violence. A Raisin in the Sun is relevant today because a lot of the insights it makes about racism are still debated over today. One of the issues it tackles is racial violence. In the play, the family deals with the threat of racial violence from people who don’t want them to move into their new house. Today, many feel that racial violence is being done by the police. The story also deals with the family’s struggles

Media’s Blow on Anorexia - 1054 Words

Media’s Blow on Anorexia About one in 200 persons in the United States will develop anorexia nervosa at some time. Ninety Percent are women (Anorexia Nervosa—Part 1 1). Anorexia is defined as an emotional disorder characterized by refusing to diet or eat. This is targeting young girls all across the world! This calamity is struck by something every person loves, social media. The media realm needs to be ceased from the websites that support dieting, celebrities displaying perfectionist bodies, and the social media world: their main victim to such disease are young teens. In particular media plays a role in anorexia in young teens because of social media and celebrities, the model industry, and the â€Å"thigh gap†. The first stance that†¦show more content†¦. . â€Å"I want to recover,† she said. â€Å"And I don’t want this to be my life anymore.† (Salter 2). This is a real life example of how even just a website like this one can le ad young teens and even young adults to eating disorders and anorexia. The opposing side to this topic says that media does not play a role in anorexia because of environmental factors, exercising, and dieting. People that support this side like Adam Cresswell and Sarrah Le Marquand state that anorexia is not caused by society or the media world. Cresswell states â€Å"Eating disorders are a product of epigenetics is good news for parents and carers, who often â€Å"wring their hands, asking: ‘what did I do wrong’†Ã¢â‚¬ (Cresswell 1). Cresswell is wrong by this fact in the actual fact that if a young teen is suffering from anorexia, then the parents should be worried about their child and get that child help. No child or adult should have to suffer from such disease. Cresswell also states â€Å"These can be early-life pressures, stress, and ultimately dieting,† he says. â€Å"For some people, dieting can be really dangerous behavior. The reduction in c ertain nutrients can alter gene expression â€Å"† (Cresswell 1-2). Cresswell is right about how dangerous dieting can be, because it is, but television advertises all of these new diet methods and how to exceed these plans, internet sites give lists of different dieting options, and these are examples of how media pushes some people that live in thisShow MoreRelatedMedias Role in Anorexia796 Words   |  3 PagesMedia’s Role in Anorexia Many individual’s today would argue that most health problems develop from media. For example, the Modeling Industry is mainly nothing but tall and very slender women. Most would agree that adolescent females see the size of most models and assume that is what is considered beauty. Media does not promote anorexia to distort women’s body images. Most women that starve themselves do not do it because of television, movies, or magazines, etc. They starve themselves to makeRead MoreImpact of Social Media on Physical Appearance Essay2388 Words   |  10 Pagesit is bone structure of the hips that give most girls that gap between their legs. Even if you have a wide hip structure they may not have a space between their thighs, but they may have a space by their crotch area before their thighs start. Yes, anorexia and bulimia are a major cause of death, but dysmorphic disorders start it all. â€Å"If you are super fixated on a certain body part, it could be a sign of bod y dysmorphic disorder† (Simmons 102). Many teens start by hating one part of their body, andRead MoreThe Individual And The Pattern Of Culture Essay2182 Words   |  9 Pagesthe first well-known case comes to mind would be the Los Angeles Police Department beating of Rodney King in 1991. A traffic violation had led to a high-speed chase. King has sustained sixty blows and kicks from the officers before he was taken into custody. This incident was all captured on news media’s helicopter, which caused African Americans to retaliate not only toward law enforcement officers but to white Americans claiming LAPD had racially discriminated and beaten him due to the colorRead MoreNcfe Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity5977 Words   |  24 Pagescan cause death. The dying to be thin mindset also fosters a very unhealthy set of attitudes, which affects relationships, both now and in the future. Two eating disorders that result from women trying to live up to these images are called anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Anorexics pursue thinness through extreme dieting and excessive exercise, while bulimics eat out of control and then purge themselves by vomiting, fasting, taking laxatives, and exercising. 15. Provide at least two examples

Local or National Issue Free Essays

In this essay, an attempt will be made to assess the important issue: ‘America’s dependence on foreign oil’.   In the context of steeply rising oil prices, it is important that the American government devises strategy to reduce its dependence on foreign oil. The USA is one of most developed countries in the world and it has been using large amount of oil resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Local or National Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now There has been increase in the demand for oil from the American citizens. Oil is essential for the economic progress of any nation in the modern world. However, America is not self-sufficient in the oil production. This would mean that it needs to import huge quantity of oil from the foreign countries particularly the Islamic countries in the Middle East. At the same time the American president has declared a ‘war on terror’ particularly on the Islamic terrorists. The Islamic terrorists have not taken this declaration lightly and this is proved by their continued attack on the American embassies and people all over the world. The Islamic countries possess huge reserves of oil. The lack of huge oil reserve is the main limitation of the American economy. This limitation has been utilized by the anti American terrorist groups.   The American government has been importing huge amount of oil from the foreign countries and in the process it has been paying huge amount of dollars to the Islamic countries. One can suggest that this dependence of America on foreign oil has encouraged the Islamic terrorist activities as they obtain the American dollars directly or indirectly through the sale of oil to America. This would imply that the American government has been paying to the terrorist groups to indulge in anti-American activities. For example, it is well known that Osama bin Laden obtained financial support from contributions from the Islamic nations. This has limited the ability of the American government to fight against terrorism. The American dependence on foreign oil also has affected the American economy particularly due to the great increase in the price of oil. The oil producing nations enjoy monopoly over the oil production and sale. They can control the oil price and its supply. This has reduced the autonomy of America in world politics. The American government needs to avoid the repetition of the terrorist attacks on the American nation. For this, Americans need to enjoy energy self-sufficiency. (Gal, 2004) The government and the people can contribute to the oil self-sufficiency by reducing oil consumption. The government needs to encourage the scientists to develop alternative energy resources. For example, recently the scientists have found that oil can be replaced by energy resources such as electricity, ethanol, bio-diesel, hydrogen fuel and such other alternative fuels. Already, a few cars which can use alternative fuels have been produced by the American car manufacturers. The government needs to encourage the consumers to use such alternative fuels in their cars in order to improve the financial strength of the country. This would also reduce the financial strength of the Islamic terrorist organizations as they mostly depend on the American dollars in the form of oil exports to America. The government should introduce legislations to provide incentive to alternative fuel producers and consumers so that in all the provinces of the USA people would become aware of the need to save precious American dollar in order to fight the war against terror. By introducing such alternative fuels in the cars, it is possible to save huge amount of dollars which otherwise would have been spent for the purpose of purchasing oil from the foreign countries. Alternative fuel production plants also would lead to improved economic condition of America. This shows that the American government needs to establish oil independence. Bibliography Luft, Gal. (October 2004). Ending America’s Dependence on Middle East Oil. The Middle East Forum Protecting American Interests. Retrieved 31 March 2006 from http://www.meforum.org/article/653    How to cite Local or National Issue, Essay examples

Interpretation Relation Case Before Making -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Interpretation Relation Case Before Making? Answer: Introducation The first slide is in relation to the introduction of the case. The slide introduces the case to the audience. This case is in relation to the per say rule as defined by Sokol, (2014). When it comes to the per say rule it means it the action is inherent. This management that where an action is illegal per say it signifies that the action is illegal inherently. Therefore an act can be said to be illegal even where there is no extrinsic proff in relation to any surrounding situation such as lack of defenses or scienter. An legislation can be per say made illegal through the enactment of a statue, a case law or by the amendment of the constitution. A per say rule is a generalized rule the application of which is done without the consideration of any specific circumstances. A per say rule is a rule which is in relation to restraining a particular trade as contrary manifestly to competition so an inquiry into precise purpose or harm is not needed for it to be declared illegal. This slide is in relation to the facts of the case. In this case Metro (The plaintiff) is a distributor and importer of kitchenware products. The plaintiff initiated a business of stainless steel in the year 1977. It began to purchase bowls for the defendant (Sammi) in 1978 and expanded its business in a few year towards other kitchenware. The primary business of the plaintiff was selling stainless steel kitchenware in 1981. The defendant is a large trading company based in Korea which deals with several steel products and exports in other countries along with United states. It has been alleged by plaintiff that in 1981 it had discussed the idea of a line of stainless steel steamers with the defendants. The design was registered by the defendant. A disruption of supply had been witnessed by the plaintiff in 1983. It is alleged by the plaintiff that defendant made attempts to block the procurement of the products by the plaintiff from other companies. The plaintiff was however able to procure the products from another company in relation to which it did not face any disruption. This slide is in relation to the procedural background of the case. A compliant had been filed by Metro in late 1981 in the United States District Court for the Central District of Californiaagainst the defendant Sammi along with two of its American subsidiaries. Here the plaintiff had made an allegation that 13, 14, and 18)2, 3, and 7 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 1 and 2) and 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. ) along with other provisions have been breached by the defendants. The case of t plaintiff against the defendant had been dismissed in the year 1984 June as the court did not have personal jurisdiction. The district court had commenced a bench trial in the year 1986 against the two subsidiaries of the Company in America. The essence in relation to this case against the subsidiary operations was that they had indulged in a conduct of predatory pricing having an intention of monopolizing mixing bowl and stainless steel steamermarket. In pursuant to section 41(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure a motion for involuntary dismissal had been filed by the subsidiary companies that a prima faice case had not been presented by the plaintiff. This slide is in relation to the decision made by the court in relation to the case. In this case it had been held by the court that the summary judgment has to be provided to Sammi as it had been stated in the district count. In addition the court also affirmed the denial of the district court which had been made in relation to cross-motion for summary judgment filed by Metro. This slide is in relation to the discussion of laws done by the court towards the case. According to 1 (1994).15 U.S.C. an allegation which had been made by the plaintiff that the Korean Holloware Association registration system consist of a naked market division agreement and is per se illegal as per the Sherman Act. This allegation was held not to be correct by the court as it was stated that the sharman Act does not per se declare such agreement as invalid and further it cannot be established without further investigations. In addition the violation of the Sherman Act would have only been established in case the conduct which occurred outside US had significant negative impacts on the trade within US. A case by case determination is done in situation where violation of 1 of the Sherman Act is to be identified as stated in Business Elecs. Corp. v. Sharp Elecs. Corp., 485 U.S. 717, 723, 108 S.Ct. 1515, 1519, 99 L.Ed.2d 808 (1988). In auditing it had been provided by the court that Such agreements are those that always or almost always tend to restrict competition and decrease output. This slide is in relation to the additional information provided by the court. It was stated by the court in this case that there cannot be any conspiracy for anti-competiveness in relation to sammi and its subsidiaries as they had common ownership and the holding of the district court the defendant had not violated Id. at 1463-64.California Unfair Trade Practices Act was correct. The same theory had been declined by the court in Vollrath as it was not raised before the district court of Vollrath. Only the penalty provisions of 1 had been altered through the 1990 amendments however there was no change in relation to the language. This slide concludes the case by stating the court had taken into consideration all legal aspects before making a correct decision in relation to the parties of the case. The court has critically analyzed all relevant laws and their interpretation in relation to the case before making the decision. References Sokol, D. D. (2014). The Transformation of Vertical Restraints: Per Se Illegality, the Rule of Reason and Per Se Legality. Metro industries inc v. Sammi corporation no.94-56180 decided: business-law, 1996